Advanced Optical communication trainer kit.
- Analog signals: 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1 KHz sinusoidal signals with variable amplitude from 0-5V.
- Digital signals: 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1 KHz & 2 KHz signals.
- DC: Adjustable over 0 to 5 Volts.
- Transmitter: Fiber optic LED with wavelength is 660nm.
- Receiver: FO- Phototransistor.
- 8 bit variable data using DIP switches.
- 8 LED indication for both transmitter as well as receiver.
- On board PWM signal.
- On board CODEC chip.
- On board audio pre amplifier and power amplifier for voice communication demonstration.
- Various test points for studying each and every part in detail.
- To study the VI characteristics of the FO-LED.
- To study the transfer Characteristics between the DETECTOR and SOURCE with simplex cable.
- To study the attenuation in the given fiber optic cable.
- To study the DIGITAL/ANALOG signal transmission through the fiber optic cable.
- To study the different types of losses in fiber optic cable.
- To study the DIGITAL/ANALOG signal Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) with fiber communication system.
- To study the VOICE communication over the fiber optic cable.
- To study Voice communication using CODEC.
- To study PWM signal communication using fiber optic.
- To study digital data transmission with LED and switch.
- To study the RS232 interface for PC-PC communication.
PAM,PWM,PPM Modulation and Demodulation Trainer kit
- On board sine wave generator of variable amplitude(0-5V) and Frequency(1KHz-20KHz)
- On board carrier generator with 5 step frequency select switch.
- Carrier signal of 2KHz,4KHz,8KHz,16KHz,32KHz.
- Pulse width select dip switch for PWM experiment.
- Unipolar and Bipolar PAM modulation.
- PWM and PPM modulation using 555 Timer ic.
- Study the generation of Sine wave and also carrier signal.
- Study the unipolar PAM and Bipolar PAM.
- Study the PWM modulation and also study with different pulse width.
- Study the PPM modulation and also compare it with PWM signal.
- Observe and sketch all the waveforms.
- To study the Demodulation of PAM,PWM,PPM and compare it with message signal.
Time Division Multiplexing and Demultiplexing Trainer Kit (TDM).
- Input Sine waves: 2KHz, 1KHz, 500Hz, 250 Hz
- Synchronization Pulse Generation: using (Variable 0-5V) DC level
- Generation of receiver clock and channel information using PLL
- Communication through three, two and single wire modes
- Sampling Rate: 32 KHz
- Reconstruction: 4 order low pass butter worth filter Cut-off Freq: 3.4 kHz
- Clock Recovery & Sync Detect- 2 of the fundamentals aspects using PLL Techniques
- Study of Time Division Multiplexing.
- Study of Demultiplexing & reconstruction through LPF.
- To study the synchronization technique achieved using the two-wire communication mode.
- To study the use of a Threshold Level Comparator and Digital Phase Locked Loop Circuitry to generate the Receiver Clock and Channel Identification Information.
- Reconstruction using 4 orders LPF.
Frequency Modulation and Demodulation Trainer Kit.
- AF Generator – Generates low frequency signals of 500 Hz and 5 KHz to use as a modulating signal.
- Regulated Power supply – On board power supply provide +15v, -15v, +5v, -5V and current rating 150ma each.
- Modulation – frequency modulation using XR-2206 with frequency of operation can be selected externally over a range of 0.01Hz to more than 1MHz.
- Demodulation – frequency demodulation using general purpose PLL LM565.
- Study the operation of frequency modulation.
- Calculate the modulation index of frequency modulated wave.
- Observe the spectrum of the frequency modulated (FM) signal
- Modulation index = 1 Modulation index > 1 Modulation index < 1.
- Study and observe the operation of FM demodulation.
- Study and observation of sensitivity of FM.
- Study and observation of selectivity.
Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation.
- RF Generator – Colpitts oscillator generates, 1 MHz frequency to use as carrier signal
- AF Generator – low frequency signal 2 KHz is generated and used as the modulation signal
- Power supply – On board power supply provide +12v, - 12v and current rating 150ma each
- Modulation – Amplitude modulation using BC107 transistor (NPN)
- Demodulation – Envelop detector using Diode OA79.
- Study the operation of amplitude modulator
- Calculate the modulation index of an amplitude modulated wave
- Modulation index = 1 Modulation index > 1 Modulation index < 1
- Observe the spectrum of the AM signal and over modulated signal
- Study and observe the operation of envelop detector
- Study and observe the operation of synchronous AM Envelop detector
- Study and observation of sensitivity of AM
- Study and observation of selectivity
Analog sampling and Reconstruction trainer kit.
- Onboard Input Sinusoidal Signal: 2 kHz.
- Sampling Freq: 2 KHz, 4 KHz, 8 KHz, 16 KHz, 32 KHz (Selectable)
- Variable duty cycle: 10% to 90% Cut-off Freq: 3.4 kHz.
- Outputs: Sampling Amplifier & Sample Hold Amplifier
- Reconstruction: 2nd, 4th & 6th Order Butter worth LPF
- Study of Nyquist phenomenon.
- Variation of Sampling frequency and see its effects.
- To study the difference between “Sampled” and “Sample and hold” outputs and its effects on reconstruction.
- Vary the pulse width (10 % to 90%) and see its effects.
- Reconstruction Using 2nd 4th Order Butter worth LPF.
ASK/FSK Modulation and Demodulation.
- Data Bits: 8 bit RZ Variable Data with sliding switch selection.
- Carrier: On board 5 KHz-50 KHz Variable frequency and 0-5V amplitude sine wave.
- ASK Modulator: Using IC CD4066 (Bilateral Switch).
- ASK Demodulator: Using IC TL084 with Low Pass Filler.
- FSK Modulator: variable carrier frequency Modulation using XR2206
- FSK Demodulator: Demodulation using PLL method (using IC LM565).
- Data Format: 8 bit parallel data representation using LED’s
- Power Supply: +12V,-12V and +5V with 1000mA regulated DC supply with on board LED indication.
- Patch Chords: 2mm Banana socket.
- Various Test points are provided on board.
- To study the 8 bit Data generation.
- To study the sine wave carrier generation.
- To study the ASK/FSK Modulation and Sketch the wave forms.
- To study the ASK/FSK Demodulation.
- To study the Serial-To-Parallel Convertors.
Pulse code Modulation and Demodulation.
- DC Signal: Variable 0-5V.
- Analog Signal: On board sine wave frequency of 1 KHz-5 KHz and 0-4V amplitude.
- PCM Modulator: Using A/D Conversion IC.
- PCM Demodulator: Using D/A conversion and LPF.
- 8- Level LED indication for both Modulation and Demodulation.
- On board 3.5mm Audio jack is provided for both Microphone and Speaker.
- On board CODEC IC provided for PCM generation and Detection.
- Audio Signal: On board 20Hz-20 KHz Audio signal generator.
- Power Supply: +12V,-12V and +5V with 1000mA regulated DC supply with on board LED indication.
- Patch Chords: 2mm Banana socket.
- Various Test points are provided on board.
- To study Analog Signal Generation.
- To study Analog signal sampling and 8 bit Quantization.
- To study Analog-To-Digital Conversion.
- To study the PCM.
- To study the Digital-To-Analog Conversion in PCM Demodulation.
- To study the Generation of PCM Signal using CODEC Chip.
- To study the Detection of PCM Signal using CODEC Chip.
- To study the Audio Amplifier.
- To study the PCM signal for real time audio signal.
- Compare received Data with original input data.
QPSK Modulation and Demodulation.
- Data Bits: 8 bit RZ Variable Data with sliding switch selection.
- Carrier: On board sine carrier of 8 KHz/5V amplitude with four different phases (0, 90,180 and 270 deg).
- Bit splitting Into In phase and Quadrature phase components using D- Flip Flops.
- QPSK Modulator: Using IC CD4051 (Multiplexer).
- X and Y constellation is provided for plotting Quadrature components.
- QPSK Demodulator: Squaring and Carrier phase comparison method.
- Power Supply: +12V,-12V and +5V with 1000mA regulated DC supply with on board LED indication.
- Patch Chords: 2mm Banana socket.
- Various Test points are provided on board.
- To study the 8 bit Data generation.
- To study the sine wave carrier generation of different phases.
- To study the conversion of data into In phase (I) and Quadrature (Q) phase components.
- To study the QPSK Modulation and Sketch the wave forms.
- To study the Plotting of Constellation in graph sheet.
- To study the conversion of sine wave into square wave.
- To study the QPSK Demodulation.
- Compare received Data with original input data.
PSK/DPSK Modulation and Demodulation:
- Data Bits: 8 bit RZ Variable Data with sliding switch selection.
- Carrier: On board 8 KHz/5V amplitude with 0 deg and 180 deg phase sine wave.
- PSK Modulator: Using IC CD4051 (Multiplexer).
- PSK Demodulator: Carrier phase comparison.
- Differential Encoder/Decoder using EX-OR and EX-NOR Logic.
- DPSK Modulator: Using IC CD4051 (Multiplexer).
- DPSK Demodulator: Carrier phase comparison.
- Power Supply: +12V,-12V and +5V with 1000mA regulated DC supply with on board LED indication.
- Patch Chords: 2mm Banana socket.
- Various Test points are provided on board.
- To study the 8 bit Data generation.
- To study the sine wave carrier generation.
- To study the Data encoding techniques using EX-OR and EX-NOR logic.
- To study the PSK/DPSK Modulation and Sketch the wave forms.
- To study the Data Decoding techniques using EX-OR and EX-NOR logic.
- To study the PSK/DPSK Demodulation.
- Compare received Data with original input data.
Delta /Adaptive Delta modulation and demodulation with noise simulation trainer
- Modulations & Demodulations: Linear & Adaptive (CVSD).
- On board Input signal (Sinusoidal):1 kHz, 2 kHz & non-sinusoidal (Variable Amplitude).
- On board Sampling Frequencies: 8khz, 16khz,
- 32 kHz, 64 kHz (Switch selectable)
- Onboard Compressor & Expander.
- VOICE INTERFACE to study the performance of Linear & Adaptive mod/demodulation.
- Inbuilt channel simulator to induce NOISE, attenuation and bandwidth.
- To identify the slope Overload for the linear delta modulated signals.
- To identify the granular noise (Quantization noise) of the linear delta modulated signal.
- To identify the Idling NOISE of the linear delta modulated signals.
- To study the performance of linear delta modulation by using a Non- Sinusoidal Signal.
- To study the behavior of linear delta modulation by VOICE transmission and reception.
- To study the performance of adaptive delta modulation by using a Non- Sinusoidal Signal.
- To study the behavior of adaptive delta modulation (CVSD) by voice transmission and reception.
- To study the effect of Channel Simulator (NOISE, Bandwidth, Attenuation) on the Linear & Adaptive (CVSD) Delta Modulation systems.
Line coding and decoding trainer kit
- Data Bits: 8 bit RZ Variable Data with sliding switch selection
- Different types of coding technique.
- Unipolar RZ coding and decoding
- Polar RZ coding and decoding
- Polar NRZ coding and decoding
- AMI coding and decoding
- Manchester coding and decoding
- Power Supply: +12V,-12V and +5V with 1000mA regulated DC supply with on board LED indication.
- Patch Chords: 2mm Banana socket.
- Various Test points are provided on board.
- To study the 8 bit Data generation.
- To study RZ to NRZ conversion method
- To study NRZ to RZ conversion
- To study Unipolar to bipolar conversion
- To study Bipolar to unipolar conversion
- To study alternate mark inversion technique(AMI)
- To study Manchester coding technique and decoding
PLL and Frequency Synthesizer trainer kit.
- On board analog signal of 5KHz
- Variable amplitude (0-5Vpp)
- Phase detector using PLL (LM 565 IC)
- Potentiometer is provided for Phase detector block to tune the phase.
- On board frequency divider network for Frequency multiplication.
- Various test points are provided to see the waveforms at different stage.
- 2mm banana sockets are provided for easy connection.
- To study the signal generation.
- To study the PLL working principle and its applications.
- To study the Frequency dividing network using counter 74161.
- To study the Frequency synthesizer network(Frequency multiplication)
- To study the different multiplication ratio(2,4,8,16).
Delta modulation and demodulation trainer kit
- On board analog signal of 250Hz
- Variable amplitude(0-5Vpp)
- On board clock signal of 10KHz
- Delta modulation using comparator and NAND gate.
- Up Down counter 74193
- Staircase waveform using DAC0800.
- Demodulation using RC filter.
- To study clock and data generation.
- To study delta modulation method.
- To study delta modulation into staircase signal using Up down counter and DAC0800.
- To study demodulation using RC filter and amplifier.
Basic fiber optic communication trainer kit
- Analog signals: 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1 KHz sinusoidal signals with variable amplitude from 0-5V.
- Digital signals: 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1 KHz & 2 KHz signals.
- DC: Adjustable over 0 to 5 Volts.
- Transmitter: Fiber optic LED with wavelength is 660nm.
- Receiver: FO- Phototransistor.
- 2 DB9 connector for PC to PC communication.(RS232)
- To study the VI characteristics of the FO-LED.
- To study the transfer Characteristics between the DETECTOR and SOURCE with simplex cable.
- To study the attenuation in the given fiber optic cable.
- To study the DIGITAL/ANALOG signal transmission through the fiber optic cable.
- To study the different types of losses in fiber optic cable.
- To study the DIGITAL/ANALOG signal Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) with fiber communication system.
IF(Intermediate Frequency) Amplifier
- On board Sine wave generator.
- Wide range of intermediate Frequency selection 300-650KHz.
- Transistor based amplifier using BD139.
- White IFT for tuning circuit.
- To study high frequency sine wave generation.
- To study transistor based amplifier.
- To study resonant frequency of IFT by selecting proper input signal frequency.
- To change the resonant frequency by slightly tuning the IFT.
Pre emphasis and de emphasis
- On board Sine wave generator.
- Variable frequency range 500Hz-10KHz.
- Pre emphasis and de emphasis circuit using RC network.
- Adjustable cutoff frequency by slightly tuning the potentiometers.
- To study sine wave generation.
- To study pre emphasis using serial RC network.
- To study de emphasis using parallel RC network.
- To study plotting the graph of gain v/s frequency response.
SSB Modulation and Demodulation
- On board AF signal generator sine and cosine wave of 2KHz(0 degree and 90 degree).
- On board RF signal generator sine and cosine wave of 25KHz(0 degree and 90 degree)
- Both AF and RF signal of variable amplitude (0-4Vpp).
- Two on board balanced modulator using ic 1496.
- Variable modulation index of both modulated signals.
- Summer circuit using op amp.
- SSB demodulation using synchronous detection method.
- To study generation of low frequency AF signal and conversion of sine into cosine.(0-90 degree)
- To study the generation of high frequency RF signal and conversion of sine into cosine.(0-90 degree)
- To study DSB-SC AM modulation.(Balanced modulation).
- To study conversion of 2 DSBSC signal into SSB modulation using summer circuit.
- To study SSB demodulation using synchronous detection method.
ASK Modulation and Demodulation.
- On board carrier of 5KHz with variable amplitude.
- On board data generator using IC LM565 with variable frequency.
- ASK modulation using CD4052.
- ASK demodulation using IC TL084.(filter method)
- To study carrier generation method using OP AMP.
- To study data generation using IC LM565.
- To study ASK modulation technique using IC CD4052.
- To study how to sketch the graph of ASK signal.
- To study Demodulation of ASK signal using filter method.
- Compare the received data with original data
FSK Modulation and Demodulation
- On board data generation using IC LM565 with variable frequency.
- FSK modulation using IC XR2206.
- Variable resistors are provided for adjusting F1 and F2.
- FSK demodulation using PLL method.
- Potentiometer is provided for tuning the PLL.
- To study data generation using IC LM565.
- To study FSK modulation using IC XR2206.
- Sketch the graph of FSK modulated signal.
- To study the Demodulation of FSK using PLL method.
- Compare received data with original data.
PSK Modulation and Demodulation.
- On board carrier generator of 2KHz with variable amplitude.
- Four different pattern data generation using IC7490.
- PSK modulation using IC CD4051.
- PSK demodulation using comparison method (EX-OR gate)
- Test points for each and every individual blocks.
- To study carrier generation using OP AMP.
- To study data generation using IC 74LS90.
- To study inverting of sine wave using OP AMP.
- To study PSK modulation using IC CD4051.
- Sketch the waveform of PSK modulated signal.
- To study PSK demodulation using Phase comparison method .
- Compare received data with original data.
